Evaluation of the Feasibility of Paving Block Bottom Ash as a Material Alternative in Construction Projects
Abstract
Coal is one of the fossil fuels that is still widely used in Indonesia as an alternative to petroleum. The use of coal as a fuel for power plants produces waste, one of which is bottom ash. Bottom ash is waste that comes from the remaining coal combustion that is in the combustion furnace at the bottom. The negative impact of bottom ash is that it can pollute the environment and health problems because bottom ash contains heavy metals. Concrete bricks (Paving Block) is a type of non-structural concrete that can be used for roads, parking lots, sidewalks, parks and other purposes. Paving blocks are made from a mixture of Portland cement type I and water and aggregate as fillers. Paving blocks can be colored like the original color or given dyes in the composition and used for flooring both inside and outside the building. Paving blocks are starting to be germinated because they have several advantages, in addition to being easy to manufacture and install, paving blocks have a unique aesthetic value if designed with beautiful patterns and colors, a lower price comparison compared to other types of conventional pavement and can be produced manually, so that the demand for cement for raw materials used in the manufacture of paving blocks will increase. The use of bottom ash has been widely used as a paving block, but bottom ash can reduce the physical quality of paving blocks. Therefore, this study aims to determine the physical characteristics of paving blocks. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, bottom ash can reduce the compressive strength of paving blocks, namely PB0 22.4 Mpa, PB1 21.0 Mpa, PB2 9.2 Mpa.
References
Abdullah, M. H., Rashid, A. S. A., Anuar, U. H. M., Marto, A., & Abuelgasim, R. (2019). Bottom Ash Utilization: A Review on Engineering Applications and Environmental Aspects. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 527(012006). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/527/1/012006
Bao, Y., Pan, C., Liu, W., Li, Y., Ma, C., & Xing, B. (2019). Iron Plaque Reduces Cerium Uptake and Translocation in Rice Seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) Exposed to CeO2 Nanoparticles with Different Sizes. Science of The Total Environment, 661(15), 767–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.181
Duc, L. D. M., Yen, N. T. H., & Thuy, V. H. N. (2020). Factors Affecting The Auditor Independence: Approach Of The Subject And Framework In Financial Statement Auditing In Vietnam. Journal Of Southwest Jiaotong University.
Fathonah, W., Kusuma, R. I., Mina, E., Wigati, R., Intari, D. E., & Gandakusumah, N. S. S. (2022). Utilization of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash to Increase the Value of Unconfined Compression Strength on Subgrade. Teknika Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi, 18(2), 94. https://doi.org/10.36055/tjst.v18i2.16307
Ghozali, H. A. (2018). Pengaruh Penggunaan Abu Dasar (Bottom Ash) pada Paving Block dengan Campuran Limbah Kerang sebagai Subtitusi Semen. REKAT, 1(1).
Herman, A. P., Yusup, S., Shahbaz, M., & Patrick, D. O. (2016). Bottom Ash Characterization and its Catalytic Potential in Biomass Gasification. Procedia Engineering, 148, 432–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.447
Mekkadinah, Suwarno, S., Garniwa, I., & Agustina, H. (2020). Review Regulation on the Determination of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash from Coal Fired Power Plant as Hazardous Waste in Effort to Increase Utilization in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 519(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/519/1/012051
Minh, V. T. N., Pham, V.-H., Tung, V. H., Tung, C. T., & Phuong, N. T. H. (2023). Firing-Associated Recycling of Coal-Fired Power Plant Fly Ash. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, 2023(1), 8597376. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8597376
Prayoga, M. B. R., & Afia, R. A. (2023). Utilization of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash Waste: A Study at PLTU Tanjung Jati B, Jepara, Indonesia. AJTEOH: Asian Journal of Toxicology, Enviromental, and Occupational Health, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.61511/ajteoh.v1i1.2023.167
Qomaruddin, M., & Sudarno, S. D. (2017). Pemanfaatan Limbah Bottom Ash Pengganti Agregat Halus dengan Tambahan Kapur pada Pembuatan Paving. Reviews in Civil Engineering, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.31002/rice.v1i1.537
Ristinah, R., Zacoeb, A., D., A. S. M., & Setyowulan, D. (2012). Pengaruh Penggunaan Bottom Ash Sebagai Pengganti Semen Pada campuran Batako Terhadap Kuat Tekan Batako. Rekayasa Sipil, 6(3), 264–271.
Sartika, S., Aqla, S., Firman, F., & Megasukma, Y. (2025). Utilization of Industrial Waste (Bottom Ash) as an Alternative Material in Paving Block Manufacturing. Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri, 16(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.21771/jrtppi.2025.v16.no1.p8-15
Stanford, C. E. (2013). Coal Resources, Production and Use in Indonesia. In The Coal Handbook: Towards Cleaner Production (pp. 200–219). https://doi.org/10.1533/9781782421177.2.200
Triana, D. (2023). Utilization of Fly Ash in Construction Materials: Review. Fondasi Jurnal Teknik Sipil, 12(2), 302. https://doi.org/10.36055/fondasi.v12i2.20392
Wei, X., Dong, C., Xie, F., Wang, P., Yan, F., & Zhang, Z. (2023). Co-Disposal of Hazardous Waste Incineration Fly Ash and Bottom Ash Through Alkaline-Activation: Effects of Added CaO on Solidification of Heavy Metals. Journal of Enviromental Chemical Engineering, 11(5), 110924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.110924
Zaid, W., & Gunal, A. Y. (2023). Enhancing Properties of Concrete Mix Using Different Types of Waste Materials: A Review Paper. International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Management (IJIREM), 10(3), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2023.10.3.12
