World Journal of Entrepreneurship Project and Digital Management

Provision of Urban Public Transport in the Samarinda Kutai Kartanegara Agglomeration: Current Landscape and Future Directions

Muhamad Syafe'i, Tukimun, Eswan — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Public transportation is a vital component of city development, influencing economic, social, and environmental aspects of urban life. The Samarinda–Kutai Kartanegara agglomeration in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, is experiencing rapid growth in travel demand, especially with the designation of the new national capital in its vicinity. However, the current public transport system in this region is underdeveloped and struggles with integration, resulting in a heavy reliance on private vehicles and associated issues of congestion and pollution. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the existing urban public transport services in the Samarinda–Kutai Kartanegara agglomeration (current landscape) and to forecast future travel demand and service needs (future directions). It seeks to identify areas for improvement in service quality and to provide strategic recommendations for developing an integrated, efficient public transport system for the region. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed. The study delineated five key zones at the interface of Samarinda City and Kutai Kartanegara Regency using land use and administrative boundary overlays. Primary data were collected through field observations and a user survey (questionnaires) focusing on service performance indicators such as travel time, frequency, capacity, and accessibility. Secondary data, including public transport route maps, fleet size, and ridership statistics, were obtained from relevant agencies. The service performance was analyzed using descriptive statistics and compared against standards. Additionally, a transport modeling exercise was conducted: trip generation was estimated using trip rates (from Institute of Transportation Engineers guidelines) based on population and land-use data, and future trip demand was forecasted for 5, 7, and 12 years ahead (2022, 2026, 2031) using a geometric growth model of population. A trip distribution analysis was then performed to predict future origin–destination patterns among the defined zones. The existing service performance is suboptimal – survey results indicate low user satisfaction, particularly regarding punctuality (on-time performance) and comfort (crowding and vehicle conditions). Average satisfaction scores for travel time reliability and comfort were below 3 on a 5-point scale, suggesting dissatisfaction. Operational aspects such as frequency and accessibility scored slightly higher (around the midpoint), but still leave room for improvement. The dominance of private vehicles is evident: an estimated 15% of commuters use public transport versus 85% using private modes currently. The modeling results show that daily trip volumes in the agglomeration are substantial and projected to increase by approximately 30–40% over the next decade. In 2019, the total daily trips in the five-zone area were about 59,000; this is expected to grow to ~85,000 by 2031, assuming current trends. Trip distribution forecasts suggest that certain zones (especially the one encompassing Samarinda’s urban core) will attract a disproportionately large share of trips in the future, underscoring the need for robust inter-zone transport links. The study concludes that significant improvements in the public transport system are required to meet current and future mobility needs. Key recommendations include better integration of routes across city-regency boundaries, increased fleet size and service frequency to reduce waiting times, adoption of technology (such as transit scheduling apps and GPS tracking) to enhance reliability, and improvements in vehicle quality and comfort. These measures, aligned with national transport policy and sustainable transport principles, are essential for shifting commuters from private to public transport and for supporting the region’s growth. The findings provide a data-driven basis for local authorities and stakeholders to plan an integrated urban transport network that can ensure efficient, accessible, and sustainable mobility in the Samarinda–Kutai Kartanegara agglomeration.

Predictive Analysis of Traffic Performance Using Vissim Simulation in Informal Settlement Redevelopment in Kutai Kartanegara Regency

Denny Aria Yudistira, Maraden Panjaitan, Ari Sasmoko Adi — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Redevelopment of informal settlements frequently induces substantial shifts in local traffic dynamics, driven by increased construction activities and vehicular movement within the affected areas. In Kutai Kartanegara Regency, ongoing infrastructure enhancement programs—including neighborhood road improvements, substandard housing rehabilitation, and drainage system upgrades—aim to elevate residents' living standards. This study applies a microscopic traffic simulation approach using the PTV VISSIM software to model three scenarios: the existing condition, a “do-nothing” projection, and a “do-something” scenario with urban improvement interventions. The simulation covers projections up to 2029 and evaluates key traffic performance indicators, including Level of Service (LOS), volume-to-capacity ratio (V/C), delay times, and queue lengths. Simulation outcomes indicate that, without intervention, traffic conditions are projected to deteriorate into oversaturated states (LOS F). Instead of physical road widening, the interventions explored include optimizing the use of the existing 10-meter-wide roadway—through revised lane markings and functional lane assignments—which resulted in improved network performance. Nonetheless, the Jembatan Teluk Dalam intersection remains a critical congestion point during peak hours, necessitating more nuanced traffic management strategies. These findings underscore the necessity of implementing adaptive, data-driven traffic control measures to ensure sustained mobility and successful informal settlement upgrading initiatives.

Precedent Approach and Technical Planning of the SMPN 1 Multipurpose Building: A Sustainable Design Strategy in East Kalimantan

Affit Adriani, Maraden Panjaitan, Wahyu Mahendra Trias Admadja — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The construction of the Multipurpose Building at SMPN 1, Sangatta Utara Subdistrict, is part of the strategic regional infrastructure strengthening program aimed at improving equitable access to public services in East Kutai Regency. The planning, conducted during the 2023 fiscal year, followed a systematic approach involving architectural precedent studies, site analysis based on tropical climate conditions, and the application of adaptive and environmentally friendly design concepts. The building is designed as a two-story structure with a primary system of reinforced concrete and lightweight steel, incorporating materials suitable for tropical climates, such as AAC lightweight bricks, GRC panels, and green façade elements. The planning methodology combined inductive and deductive approaches, resulting in a comprehensive Detail Engineering Design (DED) document that addresses technical aspects, spatial functionality, and architectural aesthetics. The Bill of Quantities (BoQ) was prepared based on construction cost references from Sangatta City, accompanied by procurement documents that include technical specifications, administrative documentation, and an engineer’s estimate. Evaluation results indicate that the design meets user needs within the available budget constraints. This planning output serves as a key reference for the effective, targeted physical development of the building and supports the region’s medium-term development plan.

Analysis of Irrigation Water Demand and Availability in the Bukit Biru Irrigation Area

Dodik Arifianto, Alpian Nur, Habir — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The increasing pressure on irrigation systems due to seasonal water fluctuations necessitates a detailed assessment of water availability and crop water demand, particularly in agricultural regions with fluctuating hydrological patterns. This study investigates the compatibility between Q80% dependable discharge and decadal crop water requirements in the Bukit Biru Irrigation Area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. A quantitative approach was employed by analyzing ten-year hydrological data and computing crop water demand based on FAO Penman-Monteith equations, using parameters such as evapotranspiration (ET₀), crop coefficients (Kc), irrigation efficiency, and irrigated area. Data were presented in 24 dekades (half-monthly intervals) to identify periods of water surplus and deficit throughout the year. Results showed that from January to May, water availability exceeded crop requirements with a peak discharge of 1.02 L/s during the second dekade of January, while the lowest water availability occurred in December at 0.10 L/s. In contrast, crop water needs peaked at 0.74 L/s in the second dekade of November. Approximately 50% of the year experienced water deficits, with the most critical shortages occurring from August to December. These findings highlight the urgent need for adaptive irrigation planning, including cropping calendar adjustments and development of storage infrastructure such as farm reservoirs or embungs. Furthermore, the study recommends integrating hydrological evaluation with construction management strategies to support efficient water distribution systems and sustainable irrigation infrastructure. This research provides an essential basis for future studies in hydraulic modeling, irrigation efficiency analysis, and participatory water governance in smallholder farming systems.

Planning for the Reconstruction of the Sari Wangi Road to Beringin Agung, Samboja District

Eddy Setiawan, Habir, Eswan — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study focuses on the reconstruction planning of Jalan Sari Wangi to Beringin Agung in Samboja District, East Kalimantan, which has become a vital access route for both local and industrial traffic. Increased vehicle volume and inadequate previous pavement have led to rapid road deterioration, highlighting the urgent need for structural improvement. The AASHTO 1993 method was employed to design a rigid pavement system capable of sustaining future traffic demands over a 21-year design life. Primary data, such as traffic volume surveys, and secondary data from government agencies, including soil characteristics and CBR values, were analyzed. The design resulted in a rigid pavement thickness of 32 cm supported by a 15 cm base layer. Reinforcement and joint designs, including dowels and tie bars, were specified to ensure structural integrity. The Degree of Saturation (DS) analysis confirmed that the proposed design will accommodate traffic until 2046, with DS values remaining below the critical threshold of 0.85. The estimated construction cost for the 336-meter road section is Rp 2.67 billion. This investment is considered economically feasible, given the expected improvement in road durability, serviceability, and contribution to regional connectivity and development. The study underscores the importance of adopting performance-based pavement design and integrating long-term planning with reliable forecasting models.

Assessment of the Suitability of Basic Infrastructure Design to Spatial Land Use Patterns in Slum Settlements: A Case Study of Sepaso, East Kutai

Mohammad Noor, Benny Mochtar Effendi Arifin, Habir — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Basic infrastructure plans that are misaligned with an area’s spatial needs are among the causes of the low quality of slum settlements in Indonesia. This study aims to evaluate the correspondence between basic infrastructure design and spatial land-use patterns in the Sepaso slum area, East Kutai, based on the 2024 Detail Engineering Design (DED) document. The study adopts a descriptive-quantitative and spatial approach, analyzing the ratio of road network length and drainage channel length to the area of residential, public facilities, buffer/green open space, and access road zones. The results show that the access road zone has the highest infrastructure ratios, namely 30 m of roads and 11 m of drainage channels per 100 m². In contrast, the residential zone, which is the largest zone (4,600 m²), has no internal road network and a relatively low drainage ratio (2.61 m/100 m²). This disparity indicates that the planning has not fully accounted for the intensity of space utilization in each zone. A graphical visualization reinforces these findings, showing that infrastructure distribution tends to be sectoral and not yet spatially equitable. The study concludes that micro-scale design adjustments are needed such as adding local access roads and tertiary drainage channels in the residential zone so that infrastructure can reach the entire area in an equitable and functional manner. These findings have important implications for the planning of other slum areas with similarly dense and spatially fragmented characteristics.

Design Review and Cost Estimation of Planned Asphalt Overlay on Jalan H. Tjutjup Suparna, Balikpapan City

Logiska Pakartika Putri Hemastuti, Tukimun, Eswan — Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Urban road infrastructure requires periodic planning and maintenance to ensure serviceability and public safety. Jalan H. Tjutjup Suparna, one of the main roads in Balikpapan City, has been selected for a planned asphalt overlay project to address surface degradation and improve driving comfort. This study aims to review the technical design and estimate the cost of the proposed overlay based on engineering drawings, including layout plans, cross-sections, and detailed drawings, as well as Bill of Quantity (BoQ) data. A comprehensive analysis of the design dimensions, planned pavement layers, and associated unit costs is conducted to evaluate the efficiency and consistency of the project documentation. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for improving the accuracy of early-stage planning in similar urban infrastructure projects.